Abstract
Ionic liquids are novel compounds with unique chemical and physical properties. They can be received based on synthetic auxins like 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or dicamba, which are commonly used hormones in microspore embryogenesis. Nevertheless, ionic liquids have not been adapted in plant in vitro culture thus far. Therefore, we studied the impact of ionic liquids on the ability to undergo microspore embryogenesis in anther cultures of wheat. Two embryogenic and two recalcitrant genotypes were used for this study. Ten combinations of ionic liquids and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid were added to the induction medium. In most cases, they stimulated induction of microspore embryogenesis and green plant regeneration more than a control medium supplemented with only 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Two treatments were the most favorable, resulting in over two times greater efficiency of microspore embryogenesis induction in comparison to the control. The effect of breaking down the genotype recalcitrance (manifested by green plant formation) was observed under the influence of 5 ionic liquids treatments. Summing up, ionic liquids had a positive impact on microspore embryogenesis induction and green plant regeneration, increasing the efficiency of these phenomena in both embryogenic and recalcitrant genotypes. Herbicidal ionic liquids can be successfully used in in vitro cultures.
Highlights
Microspore embryogenesis (ME) is a very attractive, quick and efficient method for obtaining fully homozygous plants
Stress signaling and exogenous auxins have been suggested as inductors of ME
Treatment of the anthers with low temperatures was the stress factor applied in this experiment
Summary
Microspore embryogenesis (ME) is a very attractive, quick and efficient method for obtaining fully homozygous plants. Haploids or doubled haploids are regenerated from immature anthers or isolated microspores. This process is called androgenesis or pollen embryogenesis. Haploids have just one set of genes, which makes them the perfect target for genetic improvement via transformation [1]. They can be treated with chemical compounds leading to non-disjunction of chromosomes during mitosis, for example, with colchicine, thereafter giving rise to homozygous plants–called doubled haploids–in a single generation. Doubled haploid lines are valuable plant material for genetic studies and plant breeding [4]
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