Impact of intravenous contrast enhancement phase on target definition for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHC): Observations from patients enrolled on a prospective phase 2 trial

Abstract

BackgroundThe safety and efficacy of radiation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHC) depend on accurate definition of gross tumor volume (GTV), but GTV often varies between phases of multiphasic computed tomography (CT) imaging. MethodsWe contoured GTVs on arterial, portal venous, and delayed phases of multiphasic CT scans for 32 patients treated on an institutional review board–approved prospective trial of proton therapy for primary liver tumors and determined which phase provided optimal GTV visualization. We assessed agreement between individual phase GTVs to determine if GTV for each phase was encompassed in a 5-mm expansion of either the smallest or the best-visualized GTV. ResultsThere were 19 HCC lesions and 14 IHC lesions. HCC lesions were best identified on the arterial phase in 42% (n = 8), portal venous phase in 32% (n = 6), and delayed phase in 26% (n = 5). IHC lesions were best identified on portal venous phase in 64% (n = 9) and the arterial phase in 29% (n = 4), with 1 case equally visualized on arterial and portal venous phases. In all 33 lesions, a 5-mm expansion around the smallest GTV failed to cover GTVs defined on other available phases. A 5-mm expansion around the best-visualized GTV provided satisfactory coverage of all available phases’ GTVs in 6/18 HCC cases and 2/9 IHC cases. ConclusionsVariability between GTVs on multiphasic CT scans could not be overcome with a 5-mm expansion of either the smallest GTV or the best-visualized GTV. Assessment of all available intravenous contrast phases is essential to accurately define the GTV.