Abstract
Abstract. Avalanche warning services publish avalanche condition reports, often called avalanche bulletins, to help backcountry recreationists make informed risk management choices regarding when and where to travel in avalanche terrain. To be successful, these bulletins must be interpreted and applied by users prior to entering avalanche terrain. However, few avalanche bulletin elements have been empirically tested for their efficacy in communicating hazard information. The objective of this study is to explicitly test the effectiveness of three different graphics representing the aspect and elevation of avalanche problems on users' ability to apply the information. To address this question, we conducted an online survey in the spring of 2020 that presented participants with one of three graphic renderings of avalanche problem information and asked them to rank a series of route options in order of their exposure to the described hazard. After the route ranking tasks, users were presented with all three graphics and asked to rate how effective they thought the graphics were. Our analysis data set included responses from 3056 backcountry recreationists with a variety of backgrounds and avalanche safety training levels. Using a series of generalized linear mixed effects models, our analysis shows that a graphic format that combines the aspect and elevation information for each avalanche problem is the most effective graphic for helping users understand the avalanche hazard conditions because it resulted in higher success in picking the correct exposure ranking, faster completion times, and was rated by users to be the most effective. These results are consistent with existing research on the impact of graphics on cognitive load and can be applied by avalanche warning services to improve the communication of avalanche hazard to readers of their avalanche bulletins.
Highlights
Snow avalanches are a serious threat that destroys property and claims the lives of people in mountainous regions around the world every year
Using a series of generalized linear mixed effects models, our analysis shows that a graphic format that combines the aspect and elevation information for each avalanche problem is the most effective graphic for helping users understand the avalanche hazard conditions because it resulted in higher success in picking the correct exposure ranking, faster completion times, and was rated by users to be the most effective
The daily avalanche bulletins published by local avalanche warning services provide critical information about the existing conditions when recreationists are planning their trips from home
Summary
Snow avalanches are a serious threat that destroys property and claims the lives of people in mountainous regions around the world every year. While a small number of affected individuals were guides or ski patrollers professionally managing the avalanche risk for paying guests or clients, the vast majority were laypeople making their own decisions about when and where to engage in winter backcountry recreation. When travelling in the backcountry, avalanche risk is ideally managed by carefully assessing the nature and severity of the hazard using weather, snowpack, and avalanche observations (e.g., McClung, 2002). This assessment must be combined with additional information about the terrain exposure of an intended backcountry trip to the avalanche hazard to make an informed decision about whether going ahead with a trip is acceptable to the individual under the observed conditions.
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