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Abstract
This paper provides an extensive review of the conducted research regarding various microgrids (MGs) control techniques and the impact of Information Communication Technology (ICT) degradation on MGs performance and control. Additionally, this paper sheds the light on the research gaps and challenges that are to be explored regarding ICT intrinsic-limitations impact on MGs operations and enhancing MGs control. Based on this assessment, it offers future prospects regarding the impact of ICT latencies on MGs and, consequently, on the smart grid. Finally, this paper introduces a case study to show the significance and examine the effect of wireless communication technologies latency on the converters and the DC bus voltage of a centralized controlled DC MG. A DC microgrid with its communication-based control scheme was modeled to achieve this goal. The MATLAB simulation results show that the latency impact may be severe on the converter switches and the DC bus voltage. Additionally, the results show that the latency impact varies depending on the design of the MG and its operational conditions before the latency occurs.
Highlights
The United States (U.S.) electric power grid is undergoing unprecedented changes triggered by: the aging of the centralized energy infrastructure, which can be more vulnerable with the increasing power demand; the governmental carbon pollution standards around the world to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2 )emissions along with federal and state regulatory actions to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions from new and existing power plants
It can be described—according to the definition adopted by the U.S department of energy (DOE) and European Union (EU) agencies—as a cluster of interconnected resources (e.g., distributed energy resources (DERs)), energy storage system (ESS) and loads, which acts as an independent controllable entity with respect to the power grid
Numerous hybrid control techniques, which combine two or more of the aforementioned control methods, were introduced in a hierarchical scheme to overcome the inherent drawbacks of a specific control technique, which eventually have to rely on communication to some extent
Summary
The United States (U.S.) electric power grid is undergoing unprecedented changes triggered by:. Emissions from new and existing power plants This encouraged the implementation of more renewable energy sources (RESs) into the electric grid [1,2], especially, since 29% of the U.S GHG emissions are only produced from electricity generation [3]. The transition from traditional power grids to smarter ones mandates increased the dependence on information and communication technologies (ICT) [5,6]. This dependence is continuously growing with the introduction and evolution of emerging technologies, such as microgrids (MGs), phasor measurement units, advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), and electric vehicles (EVs).
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