Abstract
This research investigates the flexural and durability performances of reinforced concrete (RC) beams made with induction furnace steel slag aggregate (IFSSA) as a replacement for fired clay brick aggregate (FCBA). To achieve this, 27 RC beams (length: 750 mm, width: 125 mm, height: 200 mm) were made with FCBA replaced by IFSSA at nine replacement levels of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80%, and 100% (by volume). Flexural tests of RC beams were conducted by a four-point loading test, where the deflection behavior of the beams was monitored through three linear variable displacement transducers (LVDT). The compressive strength and durability properties (i.e., porosity, resistance to chloride ion penetration, and capillary water absorption) were assessed using the same batch of concrete mix used to cast RC beams. The experimental results have shown that the flexural load of RC beams made with IFSSA was significantly higher than the control beam (100% FCBA). The increment of the flexural load was proportional to the content of IFSSA, with an increase of 27% for the beam made with 80% IFSSA than the control beam. The compressive strength of concrete increased by 56% and 61% for the concrete made with 80% and 100% IFSSA, respectively, than the control concrete, which is in good agreement with the flexural load of RC beams. Furthermore, the porosity, resistance to chloride ion penetration, and capillary water absorption were inversely proportional to the increase in the content of IFSSA. For instance, porosity, chloride penetration, and water absorption decreased by 43%, 54%, and 68%, respectively, when IFSSA entirely replaced FCBA. This decreasing percentage of durability properties is in agreement with the flexural load of RC beams. A good linear relationship of porosity with chloride penetration resistance and capillary water absorption was observed.
Highlights
The first-class fired clay bricks were collected from a local brickfield to make coarse aggregates, while the waste furnace slag was collected from a steel producing company
IFSSAincreased increasedin inthe themixture, mixture,and andthis thisresult resultisisiningood goodagreement agreement the percentages of induction furnace steel slag aggregate (IFSSA) increased in the mixture, and this result is in good agreement with withthe theresults resultspresented presentedby byMiah
interfacial transition zone (ITZ)), of and slowwill diffusion of waterthe will occur pore voids and better and slow diffusion water occur through concrete through the concrete matrix. These results suggested that using in concrete increases matrix. These results suggested that using IFSSA in concrete increases the resistance against the resistance against water penetration, corrosion resistance of concrete water penetration, enhancing the corrosionenhancing resistance the of concrete and the durability of reinforced concrete (RC)
Summary
It is estimated that by 2030, global cement production, a constituent of concrete, may reach around 4.8 billion metric tons [1]. A huge number of natural aggregates are being used in concrete as one of the main constituents as the volumetric stability of concrete is achieved from aggregates. These aggregates are collected from quarries and water channels. Coarse aggregates are collected from fired clay brick. Bricks are fired at very high temperatures, demanding high energy consumption and emitting carbon in the process. The collection and recycling of fired brick aggregate are energy-intensive. Depending on the recycling process, such as the conventional mechanical process (grinding by crusher machine) or microwave heating process (heating plus griding), the energy consumption during the recycling of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) may vary 3–4 times more from one method to another [3]
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