Impact of hypothermia on cardiac performance during targeted temperature management after cardiac arrest

Abstract

IntroductionTargeted temperature management (TTM) is a well-accepted neuro-protective intervention in the management of comatose survivors of cardiac arrest (CA). However, the impact of TTM on cardiac performance has not been adequately evaluated. MethodsWe reviewed data on consecutive CA survivors undergoing TTM at a quaternary cardiac intensive care unit between January 2015 and June 2017. Enrollment was restricted to cases with invasive hemodynamics (iHDs) at TTM initiation, every 8 h at target temperature (32–34 °C) and at completion of rewarming (>36 °C), unless precluded by mortality. Cardiac index and cardiac index-derived variables were adjusted for a decreased oxygen consumption during hypothermia. We assessed the serial impact of cooling on iHDs and cardiac performance utilizing longitudinal data analysis accounting for the effects of time as surrogate for the expected change from the post arrest syndrome and instituted treatments. A Frank–Starling construct was used to evaluate changes in cardiac contractility. ResultsWe evaluated the effects of cooling on iHDs and cardiac performance in 46 CA survivors. Heart rate decreased with cooling (p < 0.001), to return to baseline after rewarming (p = 0.6). Mean arterial pressure and pulmonary wedge pressure decreased by cooling (p < 0.001 for both), with sustained improvement after rewarming (p < 0.001 for both). Systemic vascular resistance was unaffected by hypothermia (p > 0.05). Left stroke work index increased with cooling (p < 0.001), with return to baseline after rewarming (p = 0.6). Cooling was associated with a left-upward shift in the Frank–Starling curve indicative of increased contractility. ConclusionMild hypothermia in CA survivors appears associated to positive changes in iHDs and cardiac performance, including a potential increase in cardiac contractility. Larger studies are needed to conclusively confirm these findings.