Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the impact of a horse hoof wall on three solid surfaces: steel, concrete and asphalt. Impact experiments were conducted for different impact angles and different initial impact velocities. The effect of impact surfaces, impact angles and initial impact velocities on the coefficient of restitution and the effective coefficient of friction were tested using one-way ANOVA. Analytical and numerical modeling of the impact were developed. The impact interval was divided into two phases: compression and restitution. For compression, a contact force with a damping term was used. The restitution was characterized by an elastic contact force. The stiffness and damping coefficients of the contact force were estimated from the normal impacts. The simulated velocities after the oblique impacts were compared to the velocities in the in vitro investigation. The coefficient of restitution varied significantly on different surfaces. The effective coefficient of friction was lower on steel compared to concrete and asphalt. The model presented in this study can be applied to refine the impact simulation of the equine hoof during locomotion.
Highlights
Impact is considered the most critical phase of the gait cycle for developing musculoskeletal injuries [1,2,3]
Factors that affect initial impact vibrations are the specialized tissues of the hoof wall, the ground surface and the shoe if the horse is shod
The purpose of this study was to provide quantitative comparison of the interaction of horse hoof with different surfaces and present a numerical model based on two phases of impact
Summary
Impact is considered the most critical phase of the gait cycle for developing musculoskeletal injuries [1,2,3]. The hoof wall is the weight-bearing and protecting structure surrounding the distal phalanx of the horse. The hoof wall repetitively withstands concussive forces and transmits the forces to the bones and joints of the limb. The hoof wall must resist excessive abrasion in order to protect interior structures [4]. Low impact loads at high vibration frequency characterize the collision of the hoof with the ground, followed by high forces at low frequency which are largely attributable to the onset of the collision of the torso with the limb [5,6,7]. Factors that affect initial impact vibrations are the specialized tissues of the hoof wall, the ground surface and the shoe if the horse is shod
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