Abstract
Abstract The aim of the article is to determine what amount of hydrogen in %mol can be transferred/stored in the Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian grid gas networks, based on the limitations of chemical and physical requirements, technical requirements of the gas network, and quality requirements. The main characteristics for the analysis of mixtures of hydrogen and natural gas are the Wobbe Index, relative density, methane number, and calorific value. The calculation of the effects of hydrogen blending on the above main characteristics of a real grid gas is based on the principles described in ISO 6976:2016 and the distribution of the grid gas mole fraction components from the grid gas quality reports. The Wärtsila methane number calculator was used to illustrate the effects of hydrogen blending on the methane number of the grid gas. The calculation results show that the maximum hydrogen content in the grid gas (hydrogen and natural gas mix), depending on the grid gas quality parameters (methane number, gross heat of combustion, specific gravity, and the Wobbe Index), is in the range of 5–23 %mol H2. The minimum hydrogen content (5 %mol H2) is limited by specific gravity (>0.55). The next limitation is at 12 %mol H2 and is related to the gross heat of combustion (>9.69 kWh/m3). It is advisable to explore the readiness of gas grids and consumers in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania before switching to higher hydrogen blend levels. If the applicability and safety of hydrogen blends above 5 %mol is approved, then it is necessary to analyse the possible reduction of the minimum requirements for the quality of the grid gas and evaluate the associated risks (primarily related to specific gravity).
Highlights
In accordance with the objectives of the climate policy of the European Union and due to the likely commissioning of large-scale inverter-based power generation equipment, it may be necessary to store energy in the gas network in the form of hydrogen and synthetic methane [1].The process of feeding hydrogen and synthetic gas into the transmission network of the natural gas steel pipeline has become a pressing issue in Europe over the past decade, and the related challenges and options have become more apparent lately [2]–[7].The scientific review explores how the natural gas system can aid in the transition to longterm use of hydrogen blending by adding renewable hydrogen to the NG system
The examination of monthly grid gas quality reports shows that gas quality indicators and composition are quite stable
Hydrogen blending limitations are related to the requirements for grid gas quality properties
Summary
In accordance with the objectives of the climate policy of the European Union and due to the likely commissioning of large-scale inverter-based power generation equipment, it may be necessary to store energy in the gas network in the form of hydrogen and synthetic methane [1].The process of feeding hydrogen and synthetic gas into the transmission network of the natural gas steel pipeline has become a pressing issue in Europe over the past decade, and the related challenges and options have become more apparent lately [2]–[7].The scientific review explores how the natural gas system can aid in the transition to longterm use of hydrogen blending by adding renewable hydrogen to the NG system. There are real-life projects related to the injection of hydrogen into natural gas networks in different countries, including France [9], Germany [10], Denmark, Switzerland, Canada, and the Netherlands [6]. The results of another study [12] showed that each element of natural gas infrastructure has a different degree of acceptability for hydrogen concentration: the limit value of 10 % hydrogen admixture for the transmission network, 50 % concentration for distribution network and storage elements, 20–50 % for end-use appliances.
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