Abstract
Many gaps exist in our understanding of species differences in gastrointestinal (GI) fluid composition and the associated impact of food intake and dietary composition on in vivo drug solubilization. This information gap can lead to uncertainties with regard to how best to formulate pharmaceuticals for veterinary use or the in vitro test conditions that will be most predictive of species-specific in vivo oral product performance. To address these challenges, this overview explores species-specific factors that can influence oral drug solubility and the formulation approaches that can be employed to overcome solubility-associated bioavailability difficulties. These discussions are framed around some of the basic principles associated with drug solubilization, reported species differences in GI fluid composition, types of oral dosage forms typically given for the various animal species, and the effect of prandial state in dogs and cats. This basic information is integrated into a question-and-answer section that addresses some of the formulation issues that can arise in the development of veterinary medicinals.
Highlights
Lin Ciprofloxacin tablets are formulated for people and not for dogs
They can be administered extralabel manner, the oral absorption in dogs was shown to be lower and much more variable than n that observed in people [55,56]
The finding from that study is consistent with the work of Martinez Aet al., 2017 [50], where it was observed that unless the ciprofloxacin dose had been fully solubilized by the time it reaches the upper portion of the small intestine, it bypasses the canine absorption window, leading to poor oral bioavailability
Summary
Lin where C is the solubilized concentration at time t, CS is the solubility of the substance in question, S is the surface area of the dissolving particle, D is the diffusion coefficient, h is the thickness of the diffusion layer, n and V is the volume of the diffusing medium [4]. E Fluid viscosity [6] As discussed later, this can be a important factor affecting oral drug c bioavailability in dogs and cats when administered in the fed versus fasted state. This can be a important factor affecting oral drug c bioavailability in dogs and cats when administered in the fed versus fasted state. In this regard, the differences in bile salt composition may influence the nature of drug solubilization across the various veterinary species (an important gap remaining in our understanding of v physiological differences as a function of species, diet and breeds).
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