Abstract
Agroforestry is a common traditional practice in China-especially in the southern Xinjiang of Northwest China. However, the productivity of many agroforestry systems has been lower than expected in recent years, highlighting the need for an actionably deep mechanistic understanding of the competition between crops and trees. Here, three different fruit tree/wheat (jujube/wheat, apricot /wheat, and walnut /wheat) intercropping agroforestry systems were chosen to investigate influence of different fruit tree shade intensity on the growth, yield and quality of intercropping wheat. Compared to the monoculture wheat system, the mean daily shade intensity of the jujube-, apricot-, and walnut-based intercropping systems were, respectively, 23.2%, 57.5%, and 80.7% shade. The photosynthetic rate of wheat in the jujube-, apricot-, and walnut-based intercropping systems decreased by, respectively, 11.3%, 31.9%, and 36.2% compared to monoculture wheat, and the mean number of fertile florets per spike decreased by 26.4%, 37.4%, and 49.5%. Moreover, the apricot- and walnut-based intercropping systems deleteriously affected grain yield (constituent components spike number, grains per spike, and thousand grain weight) and decreased the total N, P, and K content of intercropping wheat. Tree shading intensity strongly enhanced the grain protein content, wet gluten content, dough development time, and dough stability time of wheat, but significantly decreased the softening degree. Strong negative linear correlations were observed between tree shade intensity and the number of fertile florets, grain yield related traits (including spike number, grains per spike, and thousand grain weight), nutrient content (N, P and K), and softening degree of wheat. In contrast, Daily shade intensity was positively linearly correlated with grain protein content, wet gluten content, dough development time, and dough stability time. We conclude that jujube-based intercropping systems can be practical in the region, as they do not decrease the yield and quality of intercropping wheat.
Highlights
Agroforestry is a land-use system in which woody perennials are grown in association with agricultural crops or pastures, in which there are both ecological and economic interactions between trees and the other components [1,2]
Diurnal variation of the understory photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and photosynthetic rate (Pn) in the three intercropping systems and the monoculture wheat system varied with time, and with single peak curves during midday (13:00–15:00) (Fig 2)
We found that tree shade intensity was generally the major limiting factor for crop productivity in agroforestry systems in this region
Summary
The objectives of the study were to determine (1) whether the fruit trees had a significant effect on the growth and yield of the companion crop via shading; (2) whether the yield of the intercropped plants could be increased in this agroforestry system, and what possible solutions are available to minimize aboveground interspecies competition; (3) whether this planting mode is suitable, and which fruit tree-based intercropping system offers the best option in the region; and (4) the effects of this agroforestry system on the quality of the intercropped wheat
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