Impact of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and N-(3-(Dimethylamino)propyl)methacrylamide on the efficacy of the human derived coagulation factor IX

Abstract

Polymer-borne leachables such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and N-3-(Dimethylamino)propyl)methacrylamide (DMAPMA) may interact with therapeutic proteins. In this study, the leachables were spiked into human derived coagulation factor IX (FIX) at concentrations of 1, 10, 50, 100, and 500 µg/mL, corresponding to a leachable – FIX ratio of 0.5, 5, 25, 50 and 250 %, respectively. The spiked samples were visually inspected, and pH was measured. No visual effects were observed, and pH was within the drug product's specified range. Recovery experiments were performed and no loss of leachables was identified. Protein structure analysis revealed that formaldehyde reacted with lysine contained in two different positions of FIX, in a concentration-dependent manner starting at 10 µg/mL (5 %). The clotting activity of FIX was measured. The activity of the samples spiked with 500 µg/mL (250 %) of formaldehyde dropped by more than half. The activity of the samples spiked with acetaldehyde began to drop at 50 µg/mL (25 %) and continued to decline in concentration-dependent manner. DMAPMA did not impair the activity of FIX. The findings conclude that depending on the concentration, some leachables may react with or modify therapeutic proteins, potentially causing an undesired pharmacological effect however, this is specific to each protein.