Abstract
Abstract. In the semiarid Andes of Chile, farmers and industry in the cordillera lowlands depend on water from snowmelt, as annual rainfall is insufficient to meet their needs. Despite the importance of snow cover for water resources in this region, understanding of snow depth distribution and snow mass balance is limited. Whilst the effect of wind on snow cover pattern distribution has been assessed, the relative importance of melt versus sublimation has only been studied at the point scale over one catchment. Analyzing relative ablation rates and evaluating uncertainties are critical for understanding snow depth sensitivity to variations in climate and simulating the evolution of the snowpack over a larger area and over time. Using a distributed snowpack model (SnowModel), this study aims to simulate melt and sublimation rates over the instrumented watershed of La Laguna (513 km2, 3150–5630 m a.s.l., 30∘ S, 70∘ W), during two hydrologically contrasting years (i.e., dry vs. wet). The model is calibrated and forced with meteorological data from nine Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs) located in the watershed and atmospheric simulation outputs from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Results of simulations indicate first a large uncertainty in sublimation-to-melt ratios depending on the forcing as the WRF data have a cold bias and overestimate precipitation in this region. These input differences cause a doubling of the sublimation-to-melt ratio using WRF forcing inputs compared to AWS. Therefore, the use of WRF model output in such environments must be carefully adjusted so as to reduce errors caused by inherent bias in the model data. For both input datasets, the simulations indicate a similar sublimation fraction for both study years, but ratios of sublimation to melt vary with elevation as melt rates decrease with elevation due to decreasing temperatures. Finally results indicate that snow persistence during the spring period decreases the ratio of sublimation due to higher melt rates.
Highlights
In the semiarid Andes, glaciers and seasonal snow cover are the dominant water sources, as rainfall is episodic and insufficient to meet user demand
Colder air temperatures are observed for the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) forcing (4.5 to 7.5 ◦C depending on the year and the elevation), as well as lower RH and higher precipitation
Note that here the comparison between the Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs) measurements and the closest WRF grid point is not presented due to the significant vertical offset between the two points (Table S1). Despite these differences between AWS and WRF, both forcings were used as inputs in order to quantify the impact of the forcing choice on the sublimation estimation in this study
Summary
In the semiarid Andes, glaciers and seasonal snow cover are the dominant water sources, as rainfall is episodic and insufficient to meet user demand. The region is characterized by very low precipitation amounts that are largely limited to winter months (i.e., June, July and August) and are erratic. In broad terms, during El Niño periods the semiarid Andes are characterized by warm air temperatures and higher precipitation totals, whereas La Niña periods are on average colder with less precipitation (e.g., Ducan et al, 2009). M. Réveillet et al.: Impact of forcing on sublimation simulations able water (Favier et al, 2009), due to low humidity, high solar radiation and strong winds, sublimation is a significant ablation process, especially at high elevations (Ginot et al, 2001; Gascoin et al, 2013; MacDonell et al, 2013a). Quantifying snow mass balance processes is crucial for predicting current water supply rates and for informing future projections
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
