Abstract
Coal combustion product in the form of fly ash has been sieved and successfully utilised as a main substrate and a carrier of silicon and aluminium in a set of hydrothermal syntheses of zeolites. The final product was abundant in zeolite X phase (Faujasite framework). Raw fly ash as well as its derivatives, after being sieved (fractions: ≤ 63, 63–125, 125–180 and ≥ 180 µm), and the obtained zeolite materials were subjected to mineralogical characterisation using powder X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence, laser diffraction-based particle size analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The influence of fraction separation on the zeolitization process under hydrothermal synthesis was investigated. Analyses performed on the derived zeolite X samples revealed a meaningful impact of the given fly ash fraction on synthesis efficiency, chemistry, quality as well as physicochemical properties, while favouring a given morphological form of zeolite crystals. The obtained zeolites possess great potential for use in many areas of industry and environmental protection or engineering.
Highlights
In 2018, the global trend of increasing energy production continued, reaching +2.8% about2017
This paper offers an analysis of fly ash-derived fractions in the formation/crystallization process of zeolite syntheses
Raw fly ash and its derivatives after sieving process were successfully used as the main carriers of silicon and aluminium in a set of hydrothermal syntheses of zeolite X, performed in a basic synthesis environment and on a laboratory scale
Summary
In 2018, the global trend of increasing energy production continued, reaching +2.8% about2017. In 2018, the global trend of increasing energy production continued, reaching +2.8% about. The US and China were the main contributors to the increase in global energy production, together contributing 54% of growth in 2018. In Europe, the opposite trend was observed—energy production continued to decline owing to a slight decline in electricity production from nuclear sources, the depletion of oil and gas resources and climate policy away from coal (which for now is still a highly important, strategic energy resource for many countries) [1]. In 2018, worldwide energy consumption grew significantly by about +2.3% compared to 2017. The main reason was the high growth in electricity and gas demand, prompted by sustained economic growth and rising demand in China [1] (Figure 1).
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