Abstract
Exercise influences inflammatory response and immune system performance. The regular practice of a moderate activity positively regulates immunity and the inflammatory process, while intensive training depresses it and enhances inflammatory marker secretion. Calprotectin is involved in the inflammatory process, promoting neutrophil recruitment, cell degranulation, and inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, calprotectin has been associated with various inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory rheumatic diseases. The present review explores the effect of exercise on calprotectin levels in both healthy and inflammatory rheumatic conditions. Data show that the intensity duration and the type of exercise modulate calprotectin levels and participant inflammatory status. The exact role of calprotectin in the exercise response is yet unknown. Calprotectin could constitute an interesting biomarker for monitoring both the effect of exercise on the inflammatory process in healthy volunteers and the efficiency of exercise treatment programs in a patient with inflammatory rheumatic disease.
Highlights
Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases.The effect of physical exercise on the immune system and inflammatory response has been studied for over 100 years [1]
Physical exercise can be considered as a stress for the organism by modifying the immune system response, especially inflammatory response, and has been studied for over 100 years [1]
We focus on calprotectin, a molecule involved in inflammatory process and a surrogate for inflammatory rheumatic disease activity
Summary
An expression of S100A8/A9 in muscle cells was reported by Mortensen et al [11] These proteins are found in inflammatory diseases [8,10,12]. Calprotectin, S100A8, and S100A9 serve as pro-inflammatory cytokines, possess innate immunity functions such as cell adhesion and chemotaxis, and show antimicrobial properties [13,24,25]. They are involved in bone remodeling and, more in bone erosion [26,27]. We discuss the effect of exercise intensity on calprotectin levels in healthy volunteers and in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases
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