Impact of Estrogen in Menstrual Cycle on Food Intake, Appetite, Energy Expenditure

Abstract

Women have more difficulty with weight management compared to men, primarily because of sex variations in appetite and energy expenditure (EE) control caused by estrogen. In women, estrogen changes with the menstrual cycle and affects food intake (FI), appetite and EE. Research shows that in the luteal phase (LP), women's FI and appetite are significantly higher, while in the follicular phase (FP), FI and appetite are lower, and FI is the lowest in the FP. EE also increases significantly during the LP. In addition, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients have higher FI and appetite due to higher androgens, making them more likely to be overweight and obese. The current study suggests that controlling estrogen levels through birth control pills does not have a significant impact on weight control. However, a diet plan based on appetite fluctuations during the menstrual cycle can be used to achieve better weight loss. This research can tailor more effective weight loss programs and targeted health recommendations for women by understanding a deep knowledge of the impacts of estrogen in women on the food consumption and appetite. Future research could continue to explore estrogen changes in the menstrual cycle, in combination with other human hormones, provide valuable insights into weight intervention measures and drug development to tailor more effective weight management strategies for women.