Impact of Educational Intervention for Improving Pharmacist Knowledge in Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) Reporting: Experience from Malaysia

Abstract

Background: Community Pharmacists are one of healthcare professionals who can play an important role in the reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) due to the advantageous position in terms of direct contact with the patients and specialization in medicine. Nevertheless, literatures indicated that ADRs under-reporting are common among com- munity pharmacists in both developed and developing countries. Objectives: To assess the knowledge and perception of community pharmacists in Malaysia towards the reporting of ADRs and to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational program for improving pharmacist knowledge in ADRs report- ing. Methods: A cross-sectional study employing pre and post intervention design was undertaken with a sample of 42 com- munity pharmacists. Changes in scores before and after the completion of the training program in knowledge and percep- tion were measured. Statistical analysis: The data were analyzed by using SPSS version 17.0 software package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used when ever appropriate. Frequencies and per- centages were used to describe the respondents' demographic information and professional characteristics. Wilcoxon Signed ranks test, Paired sample t test and The McNemar � 2 test were applied to compare the differences in knowledge and perception before and after the educational program whenever appropriate. Results: Forty-two community pharmacists (CPs) were enrolled in this study. A comparison of CPs knowledge before and immediately after the implementation of the education program showed significant differences. The participating CPs' mean+SD total scores in the knowledge of pharmacovigilance and ADRs reporting significantly increased com- pared to the baseline following the intervention 4.6+1.9 to 8.3+1.4 (p<0.001), the possible score in knowledge do- main ranged from zero to10. Only a few (n=3, 7%) participants reported that they do not have any ideas of how to report ADR to the relevant authorities in Malaysia compared to pre-intervention case (n= 22, 50%). Upon comple- tion of the education program, more than forty of the respondents (n=19, 45%) believed that they were confident of their knowledge in detection and performing ADRs reporting, in contrast with pre-intervention frequencies, slightly more than fifty percent of the participants agreed that their knowledge in ADR limit their ability to detect and report of ADRs (n= 32, 55%), (N=42, P = 0.004). Conclusion: The finding of the study indicates the need for designing educational programs for community pharmacists, in order to improve the level of knowledge towards the pharmacovigilance and ADRs reporting process locally.