Impact of dual-fuel combustion with n-butanol or hydrous ethanol on the oxidation reactivity and nanostructure of diesel particulate matter

Abstract

This work evaluated the oxidation reactivity, nanostructure and morphological characteristics of the particulate matter (PM) produced by dual-fuel combustion with n-butanol or hydrous ethanol in an automotive diesel engine operating under two different engine loads (equivalence ratios) at the same engine speed (2410min−1). 10% and 15% of ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel on an energy basis were replaced by alcohol fumigation. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that independently of engine load, the soot produced by alcohol fumigation was more reactive to oxidation and exhibited higher active surface area (ASA) than ULSD, following the order hydrous ethanol>n-butanol>ULSD. The same trend was obtained for the volatile organic fraction (VOF) of the particulate matter (PM). All PM samples exhibited higher soot reactivity, ASA and VOF at low load in comparison with high load. FTIR spectra showed significant differences on the content of OH group (3100–3600cm−1 wavelength) and aliphatic groups (2850–2950cm−1 wavelength) among all PM samples. Finally, it was found that soot nanostructure, determined with XRD and Raman spectroscopy, as well as PM morphological characteristics (primary particulate diameter and fractal dimension), determined through digital image analysis of TEM micrographs, were not modified significantly by alcohol fumigation neither by engine load. From this experimental setting and engine configuration, it can be concluded that independently of engine load, the intake fumigation of n-butanol or hydrous ethanol (ethanol to a greater extent) increases soot oxidation reactivity, ASA and VOF without affecting soot nanostructure, or PM morphology in comparison to ULSD fuel.