Abstract
This article presents a case study of a single-family house, whose current energy source is electricity only. Nine years ago, the heat source for the heating system and domestic hot water was an oil boiler, which was changed to an air–water heat pump. Four years ago, when Poland formed the basis of the prosumer market, the first photovoltaic system was established. It was expanded in the following years. In this work are presented the impact of using a heat accumulator on the coefficient of performance of the heat pump, the self-consumption of energy from the photovoltaic system, and the cost of purchasing energy. Comparative calculations were made, with the demand-side management (DSM) active on work days, and on free days (weekends and public holidays) it was not. Attention was paid to the self-consumption factor depending on the algorithms used in an energy meter. The prosumer market in Poland was also described. The calculations described the house as having an annual energy self-consumption from photovoltaic about 6% higher than average values obtained in buildings with heat pumps. Simultaneously, due to energy storage in heat and the load shifting in the multi-zone tariff, the cost of purchasing energy was 47% lower than in a single-zone tariff (without heat storage and load shifting).
Highlights
The European Union pursues a policy of reducing the use of energy produced from fossil fuels by determining individual countries’ targets for the share of renewable energy sources (RES) in their energy mix
The main problem associated with some renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy, is their variability
Given the COP, this amount of heat requires between 7.4 kWh and 13.6 kWh of electricity
Summary
The European Union pursues a policy of reducing the use of energy produced from fossil fuels by determining individual countries’ targets for the share of renewable energy sources (RES) in their energy mix. A solution would be large-scale energy storage A conducted simulation shows that the use of the DSR in a building with a heat pump (HP) could increase the auto consumption by 12%, while reducing energy costs by up to 30% [1]. From a technical point of view, the most advantageous energy storage solution on a small scale seems to be the EESS. The HP consumed 65% of the total annual energy of the building, and its consumption could be shifted outside of peaks hours. This is made possible by storing energy in heat, both in the domestic hot water buffer (DHWB) and in the heating buffer (HB). The second aspect shows the economic merits of the applied solution
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