Abstract
Background: The present study evaluated the influence of dose and route of administration of a commercial inactivated avian influenza virus (AIV) H5 vaccine on the humoral immune response of ISA brown chickens. Methods: Ninety “one-day-old” chickens were purchased from three commercial hatcheries (n = 30 chicks per hatchery), respectively, and chicks were vaccinated with either 0.2, 0.5 or 0.7 ml of the vaccine via either the intramuscular or subcutaneous route at days 14 and 28, respectively. Vaccinal antibody titres in chicks’ sera were quantified using an indirect ELISA kit at 14 (before vaccination), 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of age. Results: Results showed significant differences (p < 0.001) were detected between the chicks at 21 and 35 days of age. Conclusion: Overall, the AIV H5 vaccine studied had variable outcomes and was poorly immunogenic. Recommendation: Further studies should be conducted to characterize the T- and B-lymphocytes in chickens post AIV H5 vaccines administration, and evaluate the sequence homologies between imported AIV H5 vaccines and circulating AIV strains in Nigeria.
Highlights
Avian influenza virus (AIV), a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus, is a member of the family Orthomyxoviridae, genus Orthomyxovirus, and diseases caused by type A influenza viruses (IAVs) are common among members of the order Anseriformes (Swayne, 2008; Brown, 2010; Germundsson et al, 2010; Marchenko et al, 2012; Tonnessen et al, 2013; Swayne, 2015)
Results showed that at day 28 of age, the difference in the mean antibody titres in the chicks from A administered 0.5 ml of the vaccine IM (59.0 ± 59.0) was significantly different when compared to the antibody titres of chicks from the same A administered the same dose of the H5 vaccine SC (1,639.3 ± 1,451.8) (P < 0.05) (Table 4)
The route and or dose of administration of biologics are fundamental in the pathodynamics and or recovery rate and pattern of any disease process in an individual (Ezan, 2013)
Summary
Avian influenza virus (AIV), a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus, is a member of the family Orthomyxoviridae, genus Orthomyxovirus, and diseases caused by type A influenza viruses (IAVs) are common among members of the order Anseriformes (ducks, geese and swans) (Swayne, 2008; Brown, 2010; Germundsson et al, 2010; Marchenko et al, 2012; Tonnessen et al, 2013; Swayne, 2015). Many influenza A virus subtypes in wild birds may differ between species and geographical locations, with great tendencies for evolution over time (Germundsson et al, 2010; Kang et al, 2010; Wille et al, 2014). AI vaccines are often used in integrated control strategies to protect poultry against HPAI such as H5N1, as vaccination decrease disease prevalence and reduce viral shedding among infected poultry (Swayne and Kapczynski, 2008). In spite of the fact that mucosal routes serve as portals of entry for AIVs into susceptible hosts, many of the AI vaccines approved for use in poultry are inactivated whole virus vaccines, delivered with water-in-oil emulsions (Swayne and Kapczynski, 2009) through parenteral routes, and requiring adjuvants for the induction of antigen-specific immune responses (Singh et al, 2015)
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