Abstract
The effect of ion doping and the incorporation of additives on photocatalysts’ textural properties have been reviewed. Generally, it can be summarised that ion doping and additives have beneficial effects on photocatalytic efficiency and not all have an increase in the surface area. The excessive amount of dopants and additives will produce larger aggregated particles and also cover the mesoporous structures, thereby increasing the pore size (Pd) and pore volume (Pv). An excessive amount of dopants also leads to visible light shielding effects, thus influence photocatalytic performance. Ion doping also shows some increment in the surface areas, but it has been identified that synergistic effects of the surface area, porosity, and dopant amount contribute to the photocatalytic performance. It is therefore important to understand the effect of doping and the application of additives on the textural properties of photocatalysts, thus, their performance. This review will provide an insight into the development of photocatalyst with better performance for wastewater treatment applications.
Highlights
Alien ion doping with cationic metals, anionic non-metals, or non-metal molecules can extremely improve the overall performance of photocatalyst in degrading organic contaminants by affecting its electronic structure and morphology of the parent photocatalyst materials, as well as enhancing the surface area and porosity
The adsorption capacity increased compared to bare ones, enhancing the photocatalytic degradation under visible light up to 89% by providing more active sites that reduced the rate of electron–hole pair recombination
This review summarises the effects of various doping and additives on the photocatalysts’ textural properties, with an emphasis on the organic contaminants’ removal efficiencies
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. A high surface area has the advantage of improving incident light-harvesting, adsorbing organic molecules on the active surface, and providing more reactive sites for contaminant degradation in photocataof improving incident light-harvesting, adsorbing organic molecules on the active surface, lytic reactions. Apart from high photocatalytic activity, the large surface area indirectly and providing more reactive sites for contaminant degradation in photocatalytic reactions. Promotes adsorptionactivity, on the photocatalyst surface and creates a synApart fromincreased high photocatalytic the large surface area indirectly promotes increased ergistic effect for the removal of organic contaminants [6,7,8]. Theory is widely used to test gas adsorption data and to produce a specific surface. BET theory is widely used to test gas adsorption data and to produce a specific surface area.
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