Abstract
ObjectivesThe beneficial effects of a physically active lifestyle in aging are well documented. Understanding the factors of importance for physical activity in older adults are therefore essential. Informed by animal and human data linking the dopamine system to motivation and reward processes, we investigated the associations between variations in dopamine genes and objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Further, we aimed to verify whether higher age may exacerbate the impact of dopamine genes on physical activity.MethodsWe analyzed data from 504 older adults, 66–87 years, from the population-based Swedish National study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (SNAC-K). Physical activity was measured with activPAL accelerometers and DNA was extracted from blood samples for genotyping. We assessed the effects of three dopamine relevant genetic variations (DRD1, DRD2, and DRD3) on daily time in sedentary behavior, light-intensity physical activity and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity using analyses of covariance, adjusting for sex, age and physical function.ResultsHigher dopamine receptor efficacy was related to moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, but not to light-intensity physical activity or sedentary time. DRD1 explained 2.7% of variance in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, with more pronounced effect in people aged ≥80 years, about 10% of explained variance.ConclusionStronger genetic effects in older adults are in line with the well-established nonlinear effects of dopamine signaling on performance, expected to be exacerbated with aging. Individuals over 80 years, genetically predisposed to lower dopamine receptor efficacy, engaged on average 100 min/week in moderate-to-high physical activity, below the recommended levels beneficial for healthy aging. Our findings highlight that some individuals might need extra support to maintain a physically active lifestyle.
Highlights
There is clear scientific evidence of the beneficial effects of physical activity and the negative consequences of sedentary behaviour on numerous health outcomes, as well as premature death [1, 2]
Higher dopamine receptor efficacy was related to moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, but not to lightintensity physical activity or sedentary time
Dopamine receptor density as well as a dopamine-related genetic variation have been related to self-reported physical activity [16, 17] and measured changes in physical activity levels during intervention [18], suggesting that dopamine receptor expression might result in differences in physical activity engagement
Summary
There is clear scientific evidence of the beneficial effects of physical activity and the negative consequences of sedentary behaviour on numerous health outcomes, as well as premature death [1, 2]. There are several known factors of importance for physical activity [8,9,10] and sedentary behaviour [11, 12] in older adults, such as social interaction, feeling of meaningfulness and joy, belief in health benefits, and exercise self-efficacy. All these factors are related to motivational and reward processes, which are associated with the dopaminergic system [13]. Our hypothesis was that higher age may exacerbate the impact of dopamine-related genetic variations on physical activity (Fig. 1)
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