Abstract
Conventional character of household fuel use in India showed significant impact on residential-indoor air quality and consequently deteriorating personal air quality of inhabitants. Multi-complexity in location and type of industrial units along with haphazard traffic system are some of the major challenges in resolving relative source contribution with higher significance, especially in case of indoor and personal level air quality. On the basis of questionnaire survey that include daily activity pattern with use of household cooking fuel by local residents, three fuel categories identified: 1) Use of Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) stove, 2) Use of kerosene stoves and electric stoves and 3) Conventional stoves using coke and cow dung cakes. In many of middle class residents, kitchen cooking is depending on all three categorized fuels. A longitudinal measurements of respirable particulate matter (RPM) in residential-indoors, ambient-outdoors of selected source sites and local-outdoor of road-traffic junctions have been monitored during October–December 2009. Sampling frequency was ten (twice in a week). Chemical Mass Balance (CMB8) was executed using source-routes and indoor-receptor compositional profiles. Results have shown significant variation in relative contributions of outdoor sources with potential impact of household fuel emission on source contributions of indoor RPM. Results also explained extent of contribution from road-traffic emissions, local soils and major industrial complex to indoor RPM levels. RELEVANCE: The study is the part of comprehensive assessment of source apportionment of particulate matter at ambient, indoor, personal and surface levels in urban-industrial environment of central India using. 21 chemical species have been analyzed using standard reported protocol of ICP-AES and ion-chromatograph. Source apportionment has been conducted using two methods: Preliminary- linear regression, then using CMB8.
Highlights
Unprocessed solid fuels such as coal, wood, and animal waste are combusted for cooking and heating by low-income populations in developing countries (Raiyani et al, 1993; Ge et al, 2004; Pohekar et al, 2005; Farsi et al, 2007; Basu et al, 2008; Joon et al, 2009; DeFries and Pandey, 2010)
Results of regression analysis have explained the probable relations of selected source-receptors, but CMB results explained the detailed quantification of selected source contributions to RPM of specific indoor-receptor
The conclusions drawn from regression analysis are: 1) probable relationship between selected source-routes and indoorreceptor with best correlation of Siltara Industrial area (S6) to most of indoor-receptors, 2) Higher deviation pattern from mean RPM of Urala Industrail area (S-5) is mainly responsible for negative correlation with all indoorreceptors and 3) S-6 has been identified as main outdoorsource contributor of indoor RPM in most of the sites
Summary
Unprocessed solid fuels such as coal, wood, and animal waste are combusted for cooking and heating by low-income populations in developing countries (Raiyani et al, 1993; Ge et al, 2004; Pohekar et al, 2005; Farsi et al, 2007; Basu et al, 2008; Joon et al, 2009; DeFries and Pandey, 2010) This Household Fuel Burning (HFB) elevates indoor and outdoor pollutant concentrations and human exposures, with a large variation depending on the fuels, burning methods, and appliances. This is accomplished by measuring elemental markers for different source types and interpreting them using receptor models
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