Impact of Diet Consistency on the Mandibular Morphology: A Systematic Review of Studies on Rat Models.

Ioanna I Karamani,Miltiadis A Makrygiannakis,Apostolos I Tsolakis,Maria Georgaki,Ioannis A Tsolakis

doi:10.3390/ijerph19052706

Abstract

Apart from genetics, environmental factors, such as food consistency, may affect craniofacial morphology and development. The present systematic review aims to systematically investigate and appraise the available evidence regarding the effect of diet consistency on the anatomical structures of the basal bone of the rat mandible. The search was performed without restrictions in five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, including grey literature) and hand searching through January 2022. A total of 14,904 references were initially identified, and 16 articles were finally included in the systematic review. Rats that consumed hard diets were found to exhibit an increase inbigonial width, corpus height, condylar depth, condylar base inclination, condylar process inclination, mandibular plane inclination, height and length of angular process, mandibular body height, depth of antegonial notch, growth rate in the gonial angle, angular process convexity and height of condylar process. It was also noted that mandibular depth, mandibular height, ramus angle and angle between the angular process and mandibular plane were decreased in rats that were fed with a hard diet. On the other hand, there were conflicting results about the growth of mandibular length and width, corpus length, mandibular body length, ramus height, condylar length and width, gonial angle and height of coronoid process. From the abovementioned results, it can be concluded that food consistency may affect the morphology of anatomical structures and the overall growth and development of rat mandibles in various ways.

Highlights

Introduction published maps and institutional affilIt is well-established that genetics has a great impact on the development of craniofacial morphology and occlusion—or malocclusion
The effect of food consistency on morphological anatomy of the mandible of rats should be assessed after the measurement of differences in mandibular anatomical structures after at least 1 month in rats consuming hard or ordinary diet and rats being fed with soft diet
The X-ray findings as per the cephalometric analysis showed that the anterior corpus length [30], the ramus height [30,36,41], the bigonial width [30], the growth rate in the gonial angle of mandible [37], the angular process convexity [37], the antegonial notch depth [37], the linear measurements of mandible [37] and the height of the condylar process [41]

Summary

Introduction

It is well-established that genetics has a great impact on the development of craniofacial morphology and occlusion—or malocclusion. The study of craniosynostosis has concluded that gene mutations, such as those concerning glupican 1 (GPC1) and gluypican 3 (GPC3), are likely to mediate changes to mandibular size [1]. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts are the main factors responsible for the dynamic equilibrium between bone resorption and formation in the craniofacial complex. Apart from these two vital components, a complex cellular communication network, including osteocytes, macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils and adaptive immune cells, plays a crucial role in maintaining strict bone homeostasis [2]. Experiments in animals and studies in humans have implicated pro-inflammatory cytokines

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