Abstract
This paper demonstrates the impact of demand response (DR) on optimal multi-energy systems (MES) design with building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) on roofs and façades. Building loads and solar potentials are assessed using bottom-up models; the MES design is determined using a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming model (energy hub). A mixed-use district of 170,000 m2 floor area including office, residential, retail, education, etc. is studied under current and future climate conditions in Switzerland and Singapore. Our findings are consistent with previous studies, which indicate that DR generally leads to smaller system capacities due to peak shaving. We further show that in both the Swiss and Singapore context, cost and emissions of the MES can be reduced significantly with DR. Applying DR, the optimal area for BIPV placement increases only marginally for Singapore (~1%), whereas for Switzerland, the area is even reduced by 2-8%, depending on the carbon target. In conclusion, depending on the context, DR can have a noticeable impact on optimal MES and BIPV capacities and should thus be considered in the design of future, energy efficient districts.
Highlights
Solar energy is considered as one of the pillars for designing future sustainable districts
To investigate the impact of demand response (DR) on the optimal design of multi-energy systems (MES) and building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), we develop a deterministic linear energy hub model, including constraints for DR, for the selection and sizing of energy technologies
We demonstrate the overall benefits of demand response (DR) schemes towards reducing cost and carbon emissions when designing district multi-energy systems (MES) with BIPV, in a Singapore and Swiss context
Summary
Solar energy is considered as one of the pillars for designing future sustainable districts. We aim to investigate the impact of demand response (DR) on the design of district multienergy systems and optimal investment decisions of (building integrated) photovoltaic (BIPV). DR is a controls policy that exploits temporal load flexibility of electric appliances and thermal (heating and cooling) supply systems and their emitters. The rationale behind electric appliances is that certain services do not need to follow a strict schedule (e.g., dishwasher, laundry, etc.), while for cooling and heating, DR relies on the thermal inertia of the building construction that allows for temporary reduction of room conditioning without compromising thermal comfort. The question arises in how significant DR impacts the design of optimal energy systems, including renewables, when aiming for cost and carbon emissions reduction
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