Impact of cyber risk on the safety of the MilliAmpere2 Autonomous Passenger Ship

Ahmed Amro,Christoph A Thieme,Konstantinos Louzis,Georgios Kavallieratos

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/929/1/012018

Abstract

The digitalization of the maritime sector is continuously growing, leading to increased automation, such as, the development of autonomous vessels. The Autonomous Passenger Ship (APS) is a characteristic instantiation of this development, aiming to transport people on urban waterways. Although emerging technologies deployed in such APS aim to facilitate the functions and operations of the navigation and communication systems, various safety and security risks are inherent to the communication infrastructure due to their interconnectivity. The aim of this work is to study the safety and cyber security of the communication system of an APS, namely the MilliAmpere2 APS. The six step model (SSM) is utilized to facilitate the joint analysis. The application of the SSM enables, among others, the capturing of relationships between cyber attacks and component failures, the assessment of safety and cyber security countermeasures, as well as, the synergies between them. It has been found that most countermeasures in both categories are reinforcing or are conditionally dependent on each other, while few antagonize each another. These findings will allow for improved design and implementation of integrated safety and security management solutions.

Highlights

The emergence of the contemporary and interconnected Cyber Physical Systems (CPSs) in the maritime domain and in the autonomous vessels infrastructure, such as, the Autonomous Passenger Ship (APS), is rapid and continuous
Emerging technologies deployed in such APS aim to facilitate the functions and operations of the navigation and communication systems, various safety and security risks are inherent to the communication infrastructure due to their interconnectivity
5.1 Step 1: Functional analysis The proposed communication architecture enables the MilliAmpere2 to perform several functions related to navigation, control, communication, and safety

Summary

Introduction

The emergence of the contemporary and interconnected Cyber Physical Systems (CPSs) in the maritime domain and in the autonomous vessels infrastructure, such as, the Autonomous Passenger Ship (APS), is rapid and continuous. To this end, the safety and security analysis of such systems is needed to ensure the vessel’s normal and safe operations. Two IP based gateways aim to establish ship-to-shore communication links with the RCC by leveraging several implementation solutions such as mobile communication (4G/LTE/5G) and Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) technologies. The third gateway is intended for ship-to-ship communication to enable the vessels in the area to communicate with the APS. The fourth gateway is intended to carry emergency communications for the control and navigation of the APS in case of lost communication with the Remote Control Center (RCC) while the fifth and sixth gateways are utilized to receive signals for real time kinematic (RTK) and global navigation satellite system (GNSS)

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Conclusion