Impact of current density, TiO2 NPs, and ultrasonic waves on the physical and friction properties of Ni–Zn–TiO₂

Abstract

In the present study, a nickel-zinc (Ni–Zn) alloy coating has been selected as the foundational coating, and the formation of a composite Ni–Zn-titanium dioxide (Ni–Zn–TiO2) coating, along with the factors influencing its development, has been thoroughly examined. The influential factors explored in this research encompass applying ultrasonic waves, current density, and incorporating varying concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs). X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and a wear test apparatus were utilized to assess the characteristics of these coatings. The findings indicate that the concentration of TiO₂ NPs in the plating bath profoundly impacts the morphology and coating properties. An increased TiO₂ concentration in the plating bath led to a finer morphology. Applying ultrasonic waves during the plating process enhanced the dispersion and finer distribution of NPs within the coating, resulting in improved wear resistance due to the confinement of irregularities. Applying ultrasonic waves up to 60 W improved the properties; however, a reduction in elemental levels was observed when the ultrasonic waves were increased to 120 W. This decrease in elemental levels can be attributed to the high-intensity ultrasonic waves, resulting in diminished wear resistance.