Abstract
Sperm cryopreservation is a powerful tool for the livestock breeding program. Several technical attempts have been made to enhance the efficiency of spermatozoa cryopreservation in different farm animal species. However, it is well-recognized that mammalian spermatozoa are susceptible to cryo-injury caused by cryopreservation processes. Moreover, the factors leading to cryo-injuries are complicated, and the cryo-damage mechanism has not been methodically explained until now, which directly influences the quality of frozen–thawed spermatozoa. Currently, the various OMICS technologies in sperm cryo-biology have been conducted, particularly proteomics and transcriptomics studies. It has contributed while exploring the molecular alterations caused by cryopreservation, identification of various freezability markers and specific proteins that could be added to semen diluents before cryopreservation to improve sperm cryo-survival. Therefore, understanding the cryo-injury mechanism of spermatozoa is essential for the optimization of current cryopreservation processes. Recently, the application of newly-emerged proteomics and transcriptomics technologies to study the effects of cryopreservation on sperm is becoming a hotspot. This review detailed an updated overview of OMICS elements involved in sperm cryo-tolerance and freeze-thawed quality. While also detailed a mechanism of sperm cryo-injury and utilizing OMICS technology that assesses the sperm freezability potential biomarkers as well as the accurate classification between the excellent and poor freezer breeding candidate.
Highlights
Sperm cryopreservation has become a popular technique for the long-lasting semen preservation of genetically superior animals, related transgenic lines, and mammalian endangered species [1, 2]
The OMICS profiling data from various spermatozoa freezability groups, in combination with advanced bioinformatics technology consisting of Illumina RNA-seq, high-throughput nextgeneration sequencing (HT-Next-generation sequencing (NGS)) technology, multiplexed ELISA, should be used to identify the routine biomarkers for good and poor cryo-tolerance farm animals
Combining these powerful technologies would provide a deeper insight into the molecular and cellular changes induced by the freezing-thawing process, and would allow data analysis in different cryopreserved samples to determine the spermatozoa freezing capacity of farm animal species
Summary
Sperm cryopreservation has become a popular technique for the long-lasting semen preservation of genetically superior animals, related transgenic lines, and mammalian endangered species [1, 2]. The glycerol causes toxicity in sperm by denaturation of protein, alteration via actin interactions, and induction of plasma membrane fragility during cryopreservation [9,10,11] Another significant breakthrough was achieved during the 1950s, when dry ice was replaced by liquid nitrogen as a freezing medium; since sperm can be preserved viable at −196◦C unlimitedly. More damage has been detected in the plasma membrane and acrosome membranes during freezing-thawing cycle because these parts are more exposed to cryo-environment and suffering from ultra-structural biochemical and functional changes. These changes inhibit spermatozoa movement in the female reproductive tract, reducing fertility in animal species [24]. Cryopreservation can damage spermatozoa DNA integrity, influencing the sperm functional potential and the successful fetal development [31]
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