Impact of COVID-19 on Nutrition, Food Security, and Dietary Diversity and Quality in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia and Nigeria

Isabel Madzorera,Elena C Hemler,Millogo Ourohire,Firehiwot Workneh,Dongqing Wang,Ali Sie,Adedokun A Olufemi,Michelle L Korte,Angela Chukwu,Josiemer Mattei,Abdramane Soura,Abbas Ismail,Bruno Lankoande,Ayoade Oduola,Wafaie W Fawzi,Yemane Berhane,Nega Assefa

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-1617

Abstract

ABSTRACT.Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can have far-reaching consequences for developing countries through the combined effects of infection and mortality, and the mitigation measures that can impact food systems and diets. Using a mobile platform, this cross-sectional study evaluated the effect of COVID-19 on food prices and dietary quality for 1797 households in Nouna and Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso, Addis Ababa and Kersa in Ethiopia, and Lagos and Ibadan in Nigeria. We assessed the consumption of 20 food groups during the previous 7 days. The dietary diversity scores (DDS) and Prime Diet Quality Scores (PDQS) were used to assess dietary diversity and quality. We used generalized estimating equation (GEE) linear models to evaluate associations between price changes for staples, pulses, vegetables, fruits, and animal source foods (ASFs) with the DDS and PDQS PDQS. Most participants reported increasing prices of staples, pulses, fruits, vegetables and ASF, and ≥ 40% reported the decreased consumption of staples, legumes, and other vegetables and fruits. The DDS (except in Kersa and Ouagadougou) and PDQS were lower during the COVID-19 pandemic. Higher pulse prices were associated with lower DDS (estimate, −0.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.74 to 0.03; P = 0.07) in the combined analysis and in Burkina Faso (estimate, −0.47; 95% CI, −0.82 to −0.11). Higher vegetable prices were positively associated with the DDS (estimate, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.37). Lower crop production (estimate, −0.54; 95% CI, −0.80 to −0.27) was associated with lower DDS. The price increases and worsening dietary diversity and quality call for social protection and other strategies to increase the availability and affordability of nutrient-rich foods during the COVID-19 pandemic and public health emergencies.

Highlights

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) is a public health emergency[1] that has significantly affected the world’s health and economy.[2]
We found that in all Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) sites evaluated during this study, most respondents reported that prices for staples, pulses, fruits, vegetables and animal source foods (ASFs) had increased during the COVID-19 emergency
We found that increases in the price of pulses were associated with lower dietary diversity scores (DDS)

Summary

Introduction

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) is a public health emergency[1] that has significantly affected the world’s health and economy.[2]. Market closures have limited the availability of food These factors have reduced the purchasing power of populations both directly and indirectly, undermined the capacity to produce and distribute food, and decreased physical access to food at the peak of the crisis.[10] They could have exacerbated food insecurity and poor nutrition for many in the region.[4,13]

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Conclusion