Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination After Orthotopic Heart Transplantation

Abstract

PurposeThe effect of COVID-19 vaccination in orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) patients is unknown. After OHT, patients are increased risk of COVID infection and hospitalization.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 119 patients who underwent OHT between 2017 and 2021. Eleven patients were excluded who died prior to the COVID outbreak in the United States.ResultsThe mean age was 51 years (IQR 26). The known vaccination rate (partial or complete) was 83%. The overall infection rate was 14% (17 COVID cases were identified.) Five patients were infected prior to the availability of the COVID vaccine. Of the remaining 2 (16%) and 5 (42%) were in vaccinated and unvaccinated patients respectively. The hospitalization rate due to COVID infection or COVID-related complications such as supplemental oxygen use was 29%. All hospitalized subjects underwent changes in their antirejection therapies, and half required oxygen supplementation therapy at discharge. No COVID-related deaths were identified. There were 2 partially/fully vaccinated patients at the time of COVID infection. One patient had mild symptoms and did not require hospitalization while the other patient was asymptomatic.ConclusionHospitalization rates were markedly higher in the OHT cohort compared to Kentucky state data (29% vs 4%.) Multiple factors contribute to this finding. Patients with OHT have more co-morbidities and after OHT and immunosuppressant therapy blunts host response to infection placing these patients at higher risk of complications. There was a higher vaccination rate in our OHT cohort compared to Kentucky state data (83% vs 61%). Breakthrough COVID infection was found in only 4% of OHT patients strongly supporting the efficacy of the vaccination in this immunosuppressant subgroup. While there were no COVID related deaths in our cohort, downstream complications related to immunosuppression changes and organ rejection detection require long term follow up. The vaccine has proved highly efficacious in this group and should be implemented up front, prior to transplantation. We suggest pre-transplant COVID-19 vaccination should become mandatory in patients being evaluated for OHT.