Impact of Coronavirus-2019 on Pediatric and Adult Heart Transplantation Waitlist Activity and Mortality in the United States: A Descriptive Approach

Abstract

Background: Transplant centers saw a substantial reduction in deceased donor solid organ transplantation since the beginning of the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the United States. There is limited data on the impact of COVID-19 on pediatric heart transplant volume and variation in transplant practices. We hypothesized that pediatric heart transplant activity decreased during COVID-19 with associated increased waitlist mortality. Methods: The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database was used to identify patients at the time of listing for heart transplant from 2017–2020. Patients were categorized as pediatric ( 18 years) and as pre-COVID (2017-2019) or post-COVID (2020). Regional and statewide data were taken from United States Census Bureau. CovidActNow project was used to obtain COVID-19 mortality rates. Findings: Among pediatric patients, average time on the waiting list decreased by 28 days. Even though the average number of pediatric transplants (n=39 per month) did not change significantly during 2020, there was a temporal decline in the first quarter of 2020 followed by a sharp increase. Overall absolute pediatric waitlist mortality decreased from 5·31 to 4·73, however female mortality increased by 2%. Regional differences in pediatric mortality were observed: Northeast, decreased by 7·5%; Midwest, decreased by 9%; West, increased by 3·5%; and South, increased by 13%. North Dakota (0·55), Oklahoma (0·21) and Hawaii (0·33) showed higher mortality than other states per 100,000. In adults, average time on waiting list increased by 40 days and there was an increase in the number of transplants from 242 to 266. Adult waitlist mortality had a larger decrease, 18·44 to 15·70, with an increase in female mortality of 7%. Regional differences in adult mortality were also observed: Northeast, decreased by 3%; Midwest, increased by 5·5%; West, increased by 4·5% and South, decreased by 5%. Iowa (0·37), Wyoming (0·22), Arkansas (0·18) and Vermont (0·19) had the highest mortality per 100,000 compared to the other states. Interpretation: Pediatric heart transplant volume declined in early 2020 followed by a later increase, while adult transplant volume increased all year round. Although, overall pediatric waitlist mortality decreased, female waitlist mortality increased for both adults and pediatrics. Regional differences in waitlist mortality were observed for both pediatrics and adults. Future studies are needed to understand this initial correlation and to determine the impact of COVID-19 on heart transplant recipients. Funding Information: This work was supported in part by Health Resources and Services Administration contract HHSH250-2019-00001C. Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no competing interest. Ethics Approval Statement: The authors obtained a data use agreement from UNOS and an exempt status from Johns Hopkins IRB as this was a descriptive study.