Abstract
Abstract The impact of cone and seed insects was studied in a southern Wisconsin red pine seed orchard in 1985. Insects destroyed 66.5% of the cones and may have caused the early spring abortion of 8.3% of the cones. Twenty-five percent of the cones survived; however, the average sound seed/cone was less than one. Seed-worms destroyed 30.5% of the developed seed and 67.0% was empty. North. J. Appl. For. 4:204-206, December 1987.
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