Abstract
BackgroundIf a pregnant woman is overweight, this can evoke metabolic alterations that may have health consequences for both mother and child.MethodsPregnant women with overweight/obesity (n = 358) received fish oil+placebo, probiotics+placebo, fish oil+probiotics or placebo+placebo from early pregnancy onwards. The serum metabolome was analysed from fasting samples with a targeted NMR-approach in early and late pregnancy. GDM was diagnosed by OGTT.FindingsThe intervention changed the metabolic profile of the women, but the effect was influenced by their GDM status. In women without GDM, the changes in nine lipids (FDR<0.05) in the fish oil+placebo-group differed when compared to the placebo+placebo-group. The combination of fish oil and probiotics induced changes in more metabolites, 46 of the lipid metabolites differed in women without GDM when compared to placebo+placebo-group; these included reduced increases in the concentrations and lipid constituents of VLDL-particles and less pronounced alterations in the ratios of various lipids in several lipoproteins. In women with GDM, no differences were detected in the changes of any metabolites due to any of the interventions when compared to the placebo+placebo-group (FDR<0.05).InterpretationFish oil and particularly the combination of fish oil and probiotics modified serum lipids in pregnant women with overweight or obesity, while no such effects were seen with probiotics alone. The effects were most evident in the lipid contents of VLDL and LDL only in women without GDM.FundingState Research Funding for university-level health research in the Turku University Hospital Expert Responsibility Area, Academy of Finland, the Diabetes Research Foundation, the Juho Vainio Foundation, Janssen Research & Development, LLC.
Highlights
Maternal lipid and carbohydrate metabolism undergoes several alterations throughout the course of pregnancy [1]
When we evaluated only changes in the placebo+placebo group, which represents the change induced by pregnancy, 153 metabolites increased and 52 decreased, one remained constant, throughout the course of the pregnancy (FDR
Our findings show that dietary supplementation with fish oil and the combination of fish oil and probiotics were able to Cholesterol esters in very large HDL mmol/l Triglycerides in medium HDL mmol/l Phospholipids in small HDL mmo/l Mean diameter for VLDL particles nm Sphingomyelins mmol/l Estimated degree of unsaturation 22:6, docosahexaenoic acid mmol/l Omega-3 fatty acids mmol/l Ratio of 22:6 docosahexaenoic acid to total fatty acids Ratio of omega-3 fatty acids to total fatty acids Ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to total fatty acids Ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids to total fatty acids
Summary
Maternal lipid and carbohydrate metabolism undergoes several alterations throughout the course of pregnancy [1] These physiological changes are normally tightly regulated, but aberrations, e.g. due to maternal obesity, may predispose both the mother and her child. Methods: Pregnant women with overweight/obesity (n = 358) received fish oil+placebo, probiotics+placebo, fish oil+probiotics or placebo+placebo from early pregnancy onwards. The combination of fish oil and probiotics induced changes in more metabolites, 46 of the lipid metabolites differed in women without GDM when compared to placebo+placebo-group; these included reduced increases in the concentrations and lipid constituents of VLDL-particles and less pronounced alterations in the ratios of various lipids in several lipoproteins. Interpretation: Fish oil and the combination of fish oil and probiotics modified serum lipids in pregnant women with overweight or obesity, while no such effects were seen with probiotics alone.
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