Abstract
Agriculture and climate change are internally correlated with each other in various aspects, as climate change is the main cause of biotic and abiotic stresses, which have adverse effects on the agriculture of a region. The land and its agriculture are being affected by climate changes in different ways, e.g., variations in annual rainfall, average temperature, heat waves, modifications in weeds, pests or microbes, global change of atmospheric CO2 or ozone level, and fluctuations in sea level. The threat of varying global climate has greatly driven the attention of scientists, as these variations are imparting negative impact on global crop production and compromising food security worldwide. According to some predicted reports, agriculture is considered the most endangered activity adversely affected by climate changes. To date, food security and ecosystem resilience are the most concerning subjects worldwide. Climate-smart agriculture is the only way to lower the negative impact of climate variations on crop adaptation, before it might affect global crop production drastically. In this review paper, we summarize the causes of climate change, stresses produced due to climate change, impacts on crops, modern breeding technologies, and biotechnological strategies to cope with climate change, in order to develop climate resilient crops. Revolutions in genetic engineering techniques can also aid in overcoming food security issues against extreme environmental conditions, by producing transgenic plants.
Highlights
Natural systems, human health, and agricultural production have been badly affected by devastating environmental changes [1]
Wheat production is heavily affected by the temperature extremes due to climate change in many countries, and may reduce the crop yield by 6% for each ◦ C
CRISPR/Cas9 has been extensively carried out for plant genome editing to cope with abiotic and Climate changes are alarming the world by hampering agriculture and its products
Summary
Human health, and agricultural production have been badly affected by devastating environmental changes [1]. Agricultural yield is predominantly suffered due to adverse environmental conditions, high temperature and excess of CO2 accumulation forced scientists to devise new strategies to cope with less predictable challenges [5]. To tackle these limitations and guaranteed food security there is a need for production of new climate-smart crop cultivars [6]. Due to extreme weather events the frequency of global warming is expected to rise, which will disturb the ecosystem globally [12] All living organisms such as plants, animals, fishes, and humans have been affected by the extreme environmental conditions around the globe. The sections outline the overview of the climate change, stresses produced due to climate change, impacts on agricultural crops, strategies to cope with extreme environmental conditions, and some recent genetically engineered approaches to develop transgenic plants against abiotic stresses
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