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Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne neglected tropical disease. JE is mostly found in rural areas where people usually keep cattle at home for their needs. Cattle in households reduce JE virus infections since they distract vectors and act as a dead-end host for the virus. However, the presence of cattle introduces risk of leptospirosis infections in humans. Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that spreads through direct or indirect contact of urine of the infected cattle. Thus, cattle have both positive and negative impacts on human disease burden. This study uses a mathematical model to study the joint dynamics of these two diseases in the presence of cattle and to identify the net impact of cattle on the annual disease burden in JE-prevalent areas. Analysis indicates that the presence of cattle helps to reduce the overall disease burden in JE-prevalent areas. However, this reduction is dominated by the vector's feeding pattern. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the joint dynamics of JE and leptospirosis.
Highlights
Japanese encephalitis viral disease (JE) was first documented in 1871 in Japan [1]
The goal of this work is to understand the dynamics of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and leptospirosis infections together and to estimate the impact of cattle presence on human infections of these diseases
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to understand the joint dynamics of JE and leptospirosis
Summary
Japanese encephalitis viral disease (JE) was first documented in 1871 in Japan [1]. Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the main cause of viral encephalitis in many countries of Asia and the western Pacific. 24 countries in the WHO South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions have Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) transmission risk, which includes more than 3 billion people [1, 2]. The goal of this study is to understand the dynamics of both diseases in each population, and eventually to understand if the presence of cattle in a setting, where JE and leptospirosis both are prevalent, is helpful to reduce the combined burden of JE and leptospirosis in humans. To answer this question we compare two different peridomestic settings: a setting involving cattle with humans, pigs, and mosquitoes, and the other setting involving humans, pigs, and mosquitoes without cattle. This extends the well-studied question in disease ecology of the impact of an additional host to a multi-pathogen context
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