Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) are essential nutrients and main constituents of cell membranes that are involved in the signaling pathway and associated with health conditions. We investigated if blood or erythrocyte membrane FAs can predict the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and related complications. Omega-3 (n-3) FAs are important predictors for metabolic syndrome, diabetes, CVD, and CKD risks, and the n-3 index is also a good biomarker for sudden cardiac death in coronary artery disease. Linoleic acid, which is one of the major n-6 FAs reflecting recent dietary FA intake, may predict CVD risk and mortality in the general population and patients with CKD. Monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) are also related to diabetes or diabetic nephropathy. Oleic acid, a major MUFA, is an emerging marker that is related to acute coronary syndrome, low glomerular filtration rate, and vascular calcification in patients with CKD, and can be modified by n-3 FA supplementation. Saturated FAs, trans-FAs, and FA desaturation/elongation are associated with CVD risk; however, few studies have been conducted on patients with CKD. In summary, blood or erythrocyte membrane FA measurements are important for CVD and CKD risk prediction and management. Further studies are needed to elucidate the FAs for their risk predictions.
Highlights
Fatty acids (FAs) are one of the important energy sources and membrane constituents and they play essential roles in metabolic homeostasis through their functional properties being involved in the signaling pathways of the body [1,2]
Based on the findings of previous reports, we summarized that the quality and quantity of dietary fat intake reflect the circulating lipid profiles and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk-related markers (Table 1), and cautiously suggest that consumption of SFAs < 7% and TFAs < 1% of the total calorie intake (TCI), respectively, within the recommended range of the total fat intake in relation to the TCI might be beneficial for cardiovascular health
A higher animal fat intake was positively associated with the presence of albuminuria, while higher intakes of SFA, Monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs), and animal fat were associated with a decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in 3448 women during the 11 years of follow-up of the Nurses’ Health Study [36]
Summary
Fatty acids (FAs) are one of the important energy sources and membrane constituents and they play essential roles in metabolic homeostasis through their functional properties being involved in the signaling pathways of the body [1,2]. The impact of FA measurement in the blood or erythrocyte membrane for the prediction of CVD and CKD risks is not clearly elucidated. FAs by desaturation and/or elongation [5,6] Both dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia may be related to the FA compositions of the blood or erythrocyte membrane. Clinical trials and population-based epidemiological studies have attempted to decipher the effect of dietary fats and blood or tissue FA, and their combination effect on metabolic disorders, such as MetS and diabetes, and CVD and its complications, including CKD [8,9,10,11]. In this review, we aimed to investigate whether blood or tissue FAs can be a useful predictor for the risk of CVD, CKD, and related complications
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