Abstract
C-band and X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data acquired by the Sentinel-1 and TerraSAR-X satellites are used to study atmospheric wakes behind offshore wind parks in the German Bight. A particular focus is on the impact of atmospheric stability on wake parameters like the wake length. Stability parameters are estimated from measurements taken at the FINO-1 observation platform. Based on a data set covering different seasons and concentrating on the first German offshore wind park Alpha Ventus (AV), it is shown that in this area stable atmospheric conditions favour longer wakes. This is first demonstrated for situations, where the wake behind AV was unperturbed by other neighbor wind parks. In this case, wakes of more than 30 km length are observed. In a second step, the more complicated situation with wake superposition from different neighboring wind parks is analysed. It is shown that in this case, the merged wakes can extend to more than 70 km downstream.The analysis is challenged by two factors. First of all, the FINO-1 platform is within the wind farm wakes for a certain range of wind directions. This means stability estimates for the upstream conditions are not straightforward to obtain in these conditions. The second complication is associated with an apparent increase in the radar cross section downstream of wind parks observed on many SAR scenes, typically within the first 10 km downstream the wind park. A semi-empirical model is proposed to explain this effect by an increased downward momentum flux associated with increased turbulence generated by the wind park. Applying numerical inversion methods, a couple of typical downstream wind speed profiles are reproduced with this model based on SAR derived estimates of the friction velocity.
Highlights
The wind energy sector has grown rapidly with a global 25% increase each year within the first decade of this century
The large eddy simulations (LES) we found in the literature (e.g., Ref. 17) do not show blockage effects over the distance observed here (10 km)
The statistical analysis is based on 23 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) scenes acquired by TerraSAR-X and Sentinel1-A
Summary
The wind energy sector has grown rapidly with a global 25% increase each year within the first decade of this century. The wind energy production in Germany has reached about 13% of the electricity consumption in 2016. Due to higher mean wind speeds, lower turbulence intensity, as well as the increasing shortage of suitable locations on land, offshore wind farming has become an important factor as a renewable energy source.. In 2016, the offshore wind parks (OWPs) installed along the German coast have produced 12.4 GWh, which corresponds to 2.1% of the electric energy consumption in Germany. By the end of 2016, a total of 947 turbines have been installed and plans for more wind farms exist.
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