Abstract

Recently, the array/waveguide invariant was proposed for robust range estimation of a broadband source in a waveguide environment using a short-aperture vertical array (VA). The approach involves conventional plane-wave beamforming and exploits the separation of arrivals in beam angle and travel time. The beam angle estimate, however, can be sensitive to array tilting. In this paper, we investigate the impact of array tilting on source-range estimation based on the array/waveguide invariant. Analysis of experimental data indicates that even a small tilt angle (<2°) of a 1.2-m long VA can result in a relative range error of 20% or more for a source (9-17 kHz) at 3-km range in ~100-m deep water. Inversely, the array tilt angle can be estimated for a known source range.

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