Abstract
Bisphosphonates, and more specially nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates, which are in current use for the treatment of bone diseases, demonstrate proapoptotic, antiproliferative, antiangiogenic and anti-invasive properties on tumor cells. The amino-bisphosphonate alendronate is considered as a potential anticancer drug. In the case of A431 cells, which express high levels of VEGF, it had a two-step effect. At 24 h, the antitumor properties of alendronate were counterbalanced by a survival process, which consisted of an enhancement of VEGF expression (mRNA and protein secretion) and TGFα secretion. It was only at 48 h that alendronate displayed the expected antiproliferative and antiangiogenic properties. The first step, in which the PI3K pathway was engaged, could be prevented by the use of a VEGF-antisense oligonucleotide. The combination of such an antisense with small concentrations of alendronate (∼2 μM), which is of the order of clinically used concentrations, was shown to have an antiangiogenic effect as soon as 12 h.
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