Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) states that in developing nations, there are three million cases of agrochemical poisoning. The prolonged intensive and indiscriminate use of agrochemicals adversely affected the soil biodiversity, agricultural sustainability, and food safety, bringing in long-term harmful effects on nutritional security, human and animal health. Most of the agrochemicals negatively affect soil microbial functions and biochemical processes. The alteration in diversity and composition of the beneficial microbial community can be unfavorable to plant growth and development either by reducing nutrient availability or by increasing disease incidence. Currently, there is a need for qualitative, innovative, and demand-driven research in soil science, especially in developing countries for facilitating of high-quality eco-friendly research by creating a conducive and trustworthy work atmosphere, thereby rewarding productivity and merits. Hence, we reviewed (1) the impact of various agrochemicals on the soil microbial diversity and environment; (2) the importance of smallholder farmers for sustainable crop protection and enhancement solutions, and (3) management strategies that serve the scientific community, policymakers, and land managers in integrating soil enhancement and sustainability practices in smallholder farming households. The current review provides an improved understanding of agricultural soil management for food and nutritional security.
Highlights
IntroductionIn many developing nations, current agricultural methods follow unsustainable practices which InIn many many developing developing nations, nations, current current agricultural agricultural methods methods follow follow unsustainable unsustainable practices practices which which have resulted in a huge amount of toxic effluents being emitted directly or indirectly into the soil, air, have resulted in a huge amount of toxic effluents being emitted directly or indirectly into the soil, air, have resulted in and water [1]
Glyphosate, a nonselective herbicide belonging to organophosphate group, can decrease the activity of phosphate enzyme up to 98% [35]; inhibit growth and activity of soil biota [16], and have toxic effects on mycorrhizal fungi when tested under laboratory conditions
Most pesticides negatively affect the biological functionaries of microbes, their diversity, composition, and biochemical processes
Summary
IntroductionIn many developing nations, current agricultural methods follow unsustainable practices which InIn many many developing developing nations, nations, current current agricultural agricultural methods methods follow follow unsustainable unsustainable practices practices which which have resulted in a huge amount of toxic effluents being emitted directly or indirectly into the soil, air, have resulted in a huge amount of toxic effluents being emitted directly or indirectly into the soil, air, have resulted in and water [1]. The advent of nanotechnology and nanomaterials has further complicated the scenario and and water water [1]. The advent of nanotechnology and nanomaterials has further complicated complicated the scenario scenario of soil inputs and their degradation [2,3]. The element of variation in soil properties based on climatic of of soil soil inputs inputs and and their their degradation degradation [2,3]. The element of variation in soil properties properties based based on on climatic climatic and geospatial characteristics are crucial for consideration [4,5]. Various and geospatial characteristics are crucial for consideration [4,5]
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