Abstract
Polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized chemically with the modified rapid mixing protocol in the presence of sulfuric acid of various concentrations. A two-step synthetic procedure was utilized maintaining low-temperature conditions. Application of the modified rapid mixing protocol allowed obtaining a material with local ordering. A higher concentration of acid allowed obtaining a higher yield of the reaction. Structural characterization performed with Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed the vibration bands characteristic of the formation of the emeraldine salt in both products. Ultraviolet–visible light (UV–Vis) spectroscopy was used for the polaronic band and the p–p* band determination. The absorption result served to estimate the average oxidation level of PANI by comparison of the ratio of the absorbance of the polaronic band to that of the π–π* transition. The absorbance ratio index was higher for PANI synthesized in a more acidic solution, which showed a higher doping level for this polymer. For final powder products, particle size distributions were also estimated, proving that PANI (5.0 M) is characterized by a larger number of small particles; however, these particles can more easily agglomerate and form larger structures. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed an equilibrium between the amorphous and semicrystalline phase in the doped PANI. A higher electrical conductivity value was measured for polymer synthesized in a higher acid concentration. The time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) analysis showed that the molecular composition of the polymers was the same; hence, the difference in properties was a result of local ordering.
Highlights
Polyaniline (PANI) belongs to the family of conducting polymers (CPs)
The time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) analysis showed that the molecular composition of the polymers was the same; the difference in properties was a result of local ordering
The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were recorded for powdered PANI at room temperature using a Shimadzu IR Prestige-21 instrument coupled with an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) head (Pike Technologies, MIRacle ATR, Madison, WI, USA) in the range of 1950–450 cm−1, at a resolution of 2 cm−1, with 100 interferograms
Summary
Polyaniline (PANI) belongs to the family of conducting polymers (CPs). Its properties such as controlled electroactivity, facile chemical synthesis, easy doping process, and good environmental stability place it as useful material in a range of applications including microelectronics, battery electrodes, sensors, membranes for the separation of gaseous mixtures, and tissue engineering [1,2,3,4,5].The usage of CPs in medical areas is constantly growing as the material can be applied for monitoring vital function in living organisms, along with their stimulation [6]. Polyaniline (PANI) belongs to the family of conducting polymers (CPs) Its properties such as controlled electroactivity, facile chemical synthesis, easy doping process, and good environmental stability place it as useful material in a range of applications including microelectronics, battery electrodes, sensors, membranes for the separation of gaseous mixtures, and tissue engineering [1,2,3,4,5]. PANI is able to self-assemble into nanostructures [11], such as nanoparticles [12], nanotubes [13], nanofibers [14], nanowires [15], nanosheets [16], and networks [17] The studies of these constructs have revealed that the electrical properties can be tuned by changing the dimensionality of the nanostructures [18,19]
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