Abstract
In view of the omnipresence of electronic article surveillance (EAS) systems in daily life and the increasing number of patients with active implants, there is concern about adverse electromagnetic interference in particular cardiac pacemakers (CPM) and cardioverter defibrillators (ICD), which due to sensing electrocardial signals are particularly vulnerable. To provide quantitative information interference of monopolar CPM and ICD by EAS systems operating at 8.2 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) investigations have been performed by exposing numerical anatomical models of pacemaker patients with implants at the conventional left or right pectoral sites and at the abdomen to magnetic fields of a simulated EAS gate source. Investigation of normal position in the centre and worst case with the back next to the gate showed that adverse interference such as inadequate sensing need not be expected at any position. This applies for conventional sensing thresholds even if the exposure span of existing EAS systems is taken into account. However, if full use is made of the newly expanded exposure budget, adverse interference cannot be excluded.
Highlights
Worldwide, electronic article surveillance systems (EAS) and personal identification systems (PIS) are widely used for a variety of purposes such as protecting against theft, object identification and access control, and passing through gates has become frequent in daily life
To provide quantitative information interference of monopolar cardiac pacemakers (CPM) and ICD by EAS systems operating at 8.2 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) investigations have been performed by exposing numerical anatomical models of pacemaker patients with implants at the conventional left or right pectoral sites and at the abdomen to magnetic fields of a simulated EAS gate source
Electronic article surveillance systems (EAS) and personal identification systems (PIS) are widely used for a variety of purposes such as protecting against theft, object identification and access control, and passing through gates has become frequent in daily life
Summary
Electronic article surveillance systems (EAS) and personal identification systems (PIS) are widely used for a variety of purposes such as protecting against theft, object identification and access control, and passing through gates has become frequent in daily life. In view of the omnipresence of EAD devices in daily life and the increasing number of patients with active implants there is concern about adverse electromagnetic interference in particular with implanted cardiac pacemakers (CPM) and cardioverter defibrillators (ICD). Sensing cardiac activity makes CPM and ICD vulnerable to electromagnetic interference. Reported interactions include asynchronous pacing, tachycardia, inhibited pacing and paced beats, in some patients causing symptoms such as palpitation or presyncope [7,8,9,10,11]. Concern about adverse electromagnetic interference with implanted CPM or ICD may be justified, in particular since the prevalence of pacemaker patients among the general population reached already about 0.8% of the general population [12]
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