Abstract
Gut microbiota have recently been suggested to play a part in low-grade systemic inflammation, which is considered a key risk factor for cardiometabolic disorders. Diet is known to affect gut microbiota; however, the effects of diet and dietary components on gut microbiota and inflammation are not fully understood. In the present review, we summarize recent research on human dietary intervention studies, investigating the effects of healthy diets or dietary components on gut microbiota and systemic inflammation. We included 18 studies that reported how different dietary components altered gut microbiota composition, short-chain fatty acid levels, and/or inflammatory markers. However, the heterogeneity among the intervention studies makes it difficult to conclude whether diets or dietary components affect gut microbiota homeostasis and inflammation. More appropriately designed studies are needed to better understand the effects of diet on the gut microbiota, systemic inflammation, and risk of cardiometabolic disorders.
Highlights
Cardiometabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and obesity are major health concerns
Half of the included studies investigated the effect of fiber or wholegrain [33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41], while the rest of the articles investigated the effect of dietary fat, other dietary components or dietary patterns, on gut microbiota and inflammatory markers
Based on the studies included in this review, different dietary components, such as fiber and fat, may change the gut microbiota and inflammatory markers
Summary
Cardiometabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and obesity are major health concerns. Several studies suggest that there is an interaction between the gut microbiota and the immune system, and that changes in gut microbiota may contribute to chronic inflammation [2]. Gut microbiota have evolved with humans through a symbiotic relationship, which provides many benefits for humans, including protecting against pathogens, training the immune system, maintaining intestinal barrier integrity, contributing nutrients, such as vitamins (vitamin K and B), and producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) [4,5]. The major bacteria species found in the human gut, which make up more than 90% of the gut microbiota, belong to one of two bacteria phyla: Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes [5,6,7,8,9]. A complete overview of the bacteria in the human gastrointestinal tract is given by others [10]
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