Abstract
Graphene has been considered as a material that may overcome the limitations of polymer semi-permeable membranes in water treatment technology. However, monolayer graphene still suffers from defects that cause leakage. Here, we report a method of sealing defects in graphene transferred onto porous polymer substrate via reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The influence of various reducing agents (e.g., vitamin C, hydrazine) on the properties of rGO was investigated by SEM, Raman, FTIR, and XRD. Subsequently, membranes based on graphene/reduced graphene oxide were tested in a forward osmosis system using sodium chloride (NaCl). The effect of the effectiveness of the reduction of graphene oxide, the type and number of attached groups, the change in the distance between the rGO flakes, and the structure of this material were examined in terms of filtration efficiency. As a result, semi-permeable centimetre-scale membranes with ion blocking efficiency of up to 90% and water flux of 20 mL h−1 m−2 bar−1 were proposed.
Highlights
IntroductionAlong with the continuous release of pollutants into water such as microplastic, heavy metals, dyes, etc., these have caused over one billion people over the world to suffer from drinking water shortage [1]
The aim of this work was to manufacture and investigate semi-permeable FO membranes based on HSMG® large-area quasi-monocrystalline graphene and reduced graphene oxide (rGO)
Monolayer polycrystalline graphene for composite membranes preparation was synthesized via the metallurgical method according to the procedure described in detail in the patent
Summary
Along with the continuous release of pollutants into water such as microplastic, heavy metals, dyes, etc., these have caused over one billion people over the world to suffer from drinking water shortage [1] For this reason, to maintain potable water, various techniques are used to remove impurities and microorganisms including sedimentation methods, electrodialysis (through ion exchange resins), distillation, and currently widely used are membrane technologies (microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis (RO), and forward osmosis (FO)) [2,3]. FO can be used for desalination, wastewater treatment, as well as energy production This process still packs membranes that will combine good strength properties and low thickness, while ensuring a high rejection rate and a high water flux [5]
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