Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) channel models are essential for the accurate and realistic performance evaluation of mobile networks. Legacy 2D channel models have been shown to underestimate performance. Also, 5G/B5G systems will feature both microwave $(\mu \mathbf{Wave})$ and millimeter-wave (mmWave) channels. Using the 3GPP 3D channel models in these two frequency bands, we analyzed system performance in urban macrocell (UMa) and urban microcell (UMi) scenarios. Our results show that the mmWave tier anticipated to provide multi-gigabits-per-second throughputs suffers SINR bottleneck, particularly for indoor users served by outdoor base stations (BSs). The SINR statistics reveal that indoor users experience up to 30 dB additional losses from wall and in-building objects. It also reveals the degrading impact of the higher noise levels resulting from the larger bandwidths employed in mmWave systems. The impact of user height distribution and BS downtilt angles on system performance have also been investigated. To realize ultra-high speed networks, future 5G/B5G systems must employ techniques that will significantly enhance the SINR in order to optimize performance in the face of the limiting channel effects.
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