Impact dynamics of a free-falling reference test mass in space

Abstract

Outer space may constitute a privileged environment for experiments involving impacts. In fact, disturbing phenomena like drag or weight forces are negligible and a nearly pure free-fall state may be achieved for the impacting bodies. The case analysed in this manuscript comes from the initialization of the science phase of a space mission (LISA Pathfinder, flown in 2015), in which an extended metallic body – starting from a caged configuration – was released to free-fall inside a spacecraft by a dedicated mechanism, the grabbing positioning and release mechanism (GPRM). During the release phase, the test mass (TM) experienced some impacts with the GPRM end effector, before being electrostatically controlled to its nominal position, i.e. still in the centre of the hosting electrode housing. The impact dynamics of the TM therefore resulted critical, since it helped reduce its kinetic energy with respect to the spacecraft. In this paper, the TM position and attitude telemetry signals are analysed, and the impacts coefficient of restitution is calculated, providing reference values for similar space instruments, where a free-falling reference body is used (for instance, for geodesy and/or spacecraft navigation).