Immunotoxicity of Organic Arsenic Compounds in Marine Animals

Abstract

In the present study, we demonstrated for the first time the immunotoxic effects of organic arsenic compounds in marine animals, namely arsenocholine [AsCho; trimethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)arsonium cation], arsenobetaine [AsBe; the trimethyl(carboxymethyl)arsonium zwitterion] and the tetramethylarsonium ion (TetMA), to murine principal immune effector cells (macrophages and lymphocytes), comparing them with the effects of inorganic arsenicals in vitro. Inorganic arsenicals (arsenite and arsenate) showed strong cytotoxicity to both macrophages and lymphocytes. The concentration of arsenite that reduced the number of surviving cells to 50% of that in untreated controls (IC50) was 3–5 μmol dm−3, and the cytotoxicity of arsenate (IC50=100 μ-1 m mol dm−3) was lower than that of arsenite. Compared with these findings, trimethylarsenic compounds in marine animals, AsCho and AsBe, were less toxic even at a concentration over 10 mmol dm−3 to both macrophages and lymphocytes; however, TetMA had weak, but significant, cytotoxicity to these cells (IC50 was about 6 mmol dm−3).