Abstract
Macrophages are phagocytic cells that play a broad role in maintaining body homeostasis and defense against foreign pathogens; whereas tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) support tumor growth and metastasis by promoting cancer cell proliferation and invasion, immunosuppression, and angiogenesis, which is closely related to the poor prognosis in almost all solid tumors. Hence, deep-insight knowledge into TAMs can provide an opportunity to discover more effective strategies for cancer therapeutics. So far, a large number of therapeutic agents targeting TAMs are in clinical trials. In this review, we introduce an extensive overview about macrophages and macrophage-targeting agents.
Highlights
Cancer, a global public health problem, is the first or second leading cause of death in most countries, and its incidence and mortality are rapidly growing [1]
Macrophages, the main component of the mononuclear phagocyte system [6], are phagocytic cells which play a broad role in maintaining body homeostasis and defense against foreign pathogens; whereas there are a large number of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in tumor microenvironment (TME), which support tumor growth and metastasis by promoting cancer cells proliferation, immunosuppression, invasion, and angiogenesis
Hypoxia is the primary driver of angiogenesis, and some studies show that anoxic areas of tumors, especially the necrotic tissue, have large numbers of macrophages due to the releasing of endothelins, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), high mobility group 1, CCL2, CXC chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), CXCL12, and CSF-1 [75]
Summary
A global public health problem, is the first or second leading cause of death in most countries, and its incidence and mortality are rapidly growing [1]. It is well-acknowledged that tumor sites contain cancer cells, and immune cells, including macrophages, regulatory T (Treg) cells [2], neutrophils [3], mast cells [4], natural killer (NK) cells [5], etc. Several types of immunotherapies targeting TAMs are playing more and more important roles in the treatment of cancer. We would like to provide some views and visions of immunotherapy targeting TAMs
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