Abstract
Immune-checkpoint inhibitors blocking the programmed death 1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyteassociated protein 4 (CTLA-4) have shown a prominent anti-tumor activity with long-term responses and an acceptable toxicity profile in clinical trials. Pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, nivolumab, avelumab, and durvalumab are anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents that redefine the standard of care for advanced urothelial carcinoma. CTLA-4 inhibitors are also under investigation in this setting. Phase III trial KEYNOTE-045 has demonstrated significant survival benefit in patients treated with pembrolizumab comparing with the standard second-line chemotherapy. Atezolizumab, nivolumab, avelumab, and durvalumab were also recommended for platinum-pretreated urothelial carcinoma patients based on phase II data. Following investigations of biomarkers such as PD-L1 expression are needed to determine high-responders to immunotherapy. This review article describes the advances in immunotherapy with immune-checkpoint inhibitors.
Highlights
Immune-checkpoint inhibitors blocking the programmed death 1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyteassociated protein 4 (CTLA-4) have shown a prominent anti-tumor activity with long-term responses and an acceptable toxicity profile in clinical trials
Pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, nivolumab, avelumab, and durvalumab are anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents that redefine the standard of care for advanced urothelial carcinoma
Phase III trial KEYNOTE-045 has demonstrated significant survival benefit in patients treated with pembrolizumab comparing with the standard second-line chemotherapy
Summary
Immune-checkpoint inhibitors blocking the programmed death 1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyteassociated protein 4 (CTLA-4) have shown a prominent anti-tumor activity with long-term responses and an acceptable toxicity profile in clinical trials. На основании многообещающих результатов KEYNOTE-012 было инициировано рандомизированное исследование III фазы KEYNOTE-045, направленное на сравнение эффективности пембролизумаба и традиционной химиотерапии у больных неоперабельным местно-распространенным и диссеминированным уротелиальным раком, прогрессирующим на фоне или в течение 12 мес после завершения цитотоксического лечения, основанного на цисплатине. При медиане наблюдения 18,5 мес пембролизумаб обеспечивал достоверное преимущество общей выживаемости по сравнению с химиотерапией независимо от возраста, соматического статуса, предшествующей терапии, наличия метастазов в печени и экспрессии PD–L1.
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