Abstract
Targeting of the immune checkpoints cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death (PD)-1/PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) with monoclonal antibodies has been shown to improve outcomes in a number of solid tumors, leading to their routine use in clinical practice. Early phase evaluation of immune checkpoint inhibitors demonstrated encouraging results in esophageal cancer, and studies in the chemorefractory setting have confirmed the activity of immunotherapy in esophageal cancer. Immunotherapeutic strategies continue to be evaluated rapidly in esophageal cancer, in both the locally advanced and metastatic settings. This chapter will focus on the accumulating data regarding the use of immunotherapy in esophageal cancer.
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