Abstract
Gastric carcinoma (GC) is the 2nd most common cause of cancer-related death. Despite advances in conventional treatment and surgical interventions, a high percentage of GC patients still have poor survival. Recently, immunotherapy has become a promising approach to treat GC. Here, we present preclinical and clinical studies encouraging the use of vaccination, adoptive T-cell therapy (ACT), and immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) or cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). The ongoing immunotherapy clinical trials have shown promising results in safety and tolerability even in late-stage GC patients. Moreover, we highlight that the combination of ACT with chemotherapy could be the best choice to treat GC.
Highlights
Gastric carcinoma (GC) is the fourth most common cancer in the world and the second most common cause of cancer-related death [1]
We reviewed the recent studies on vaccination, on adoptive T-cell therapy (ACT), and on the use of checkpoint inhibitors in GC
GC microenvironment is highly infiltrated with high cytolytic tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) with different recognition patterns towards GC antigens depending on their presentation in primary site, involved lymph node (LN), or metastatic sites
Summary
GC is the fourth most common cancer in the world and the second most common cause of cancer-related death [1]. Common obstacles are the generation of immune effectors, safety, and applicability to a large number of patients In this regard, it is critical to understand how cancer cells behave and interact with surrounding components in the tumor microenvironment such as parenchymal cells and inflammatory cells including lymphocytes and extracellular matrix (ECM) [6, 7] and the role these elements have in tumor survival, proliferation, and metastasis [6]. Cancer cells release cytokines that modify the microenvironment contexture, while noncancer cells secrete cytokines and growth factors that affect both tumor growth and behavior, such as invasion and metastasis [7]. BioMed Research International with immune checkpoint inhibitors such as the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to PD-1/PDL1 or CTLA-4
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